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Review article: Biomedical intelligence

Vol. 146 No. 4950 (2016)

Update of the Swiss guidelines on post-treatment Lyme disease syndrome

  • Johannes Nemeth
  • Enos Bernasconi
  • Ulrich Heininger
  • Mohamed Abbas
  • David Nadal
  • Carol Strahm
  • Stefan Erb
  • Stefan Zimmerli
  • Hansjakob Furrer
  • Julie Delaloye
  • Thierry Kuntzer
  • Ekkehard Altpeter
  • Mathias Sturzenegger
  • Rainer Weber
  • for the Swiss Society for Infectious Diseases and the Swiss Society for Neurology
DOI
https://doi.org/10.4414/smw.2016.14353
Cite this as:
Swiss Med Wkly. 2016;146:w14353
Published
04.12.2016

Summary

Lyme borreliosis is caused by Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato infection, which responds well to antibiotic therapy in the overwhelming majority of cases. However, despite adequate antibiotic treatment some patients report persisting symptoms which are commonly summarised as post-treatment Lyme disease syndrome (PTLDS). In 2005, the Swiss Society of Infectious Diseases published a case definition for PTLDS. We aimed to review the scientific literature with a special emphasis on the last 10 years, questioning whether the definitions from 2005 are still valid in the light of current knowledge. Furthermore, we describe the clinical history of infection with Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, the estimated prevalence of PTLDS, the possible pathogenesis of PTLDS, and treatment options with an emphasis on clinical studies.

In summary, we were unable to find a scientific reason for modification of the PTLDS definitions published in 2005. Thus, the diagnostic criteria remain unchanged, namely documented clinical and laboratory evidence of previous infection with B. burgdorferi, a completed course of appropriate antibiotic therapy, symptoms including fatigue, arthralgia, myalgia, cognitive dysfunction or radicular pain persisting for >6 months, a plausible timely association between documented B. burgdorferi infection and onset of symptoms (i.e., persistent or recurrent symptoms that began within 6 months of completion of a recommended antibiotic therapy for early or late Lyme borreliosis), and exclusion of other somatic or psychiatric causes of symptoms. The main therapeutic options remain cognitive behavioural therapy and low-impact aerobic exercise programmes. Growing and unequivocal evidence confirms that prolonged or repeated antibiotic therapy for PTLDS is not beneficial, but potentially harmful and therefore contraindicated.

The Guidelines of the Swiss Society of Infectious Diseases offer an evidence based, diagnostic and therapeutic framework for physicians caring for patients suffering from presumptive PTLDS in Switzerland.

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