See especially projects 03 and 26 of National Research Program 74 "Smarter Health Care", https://www.nfp74.ch/en (accessed on August 8th, 2023).
Fisher E. (2013): Bringing Transparency to U.S. Health Care. Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, online video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uKLLU3guzNM (accessed on August 8th, 2023).