Carole E. Aubert^ab, Niklaus Fankhauser^c, Pedro Marques-Vidal^d, Jérôme Stirnemann^e, Drahomir Aujesky^a, Andreas Limacher^c, Jacques Donzé^afgh

Summary

AIMS OF THE STUDY

Despite the high prevalence of multimorbidity, we lack detailed descriptive data on the most prevalent combinations of chronic comorbidities in Switzerland. We aimed to describe and quantify the most prevalent combinations of comorbidities in internal medicine multimorbid inpatients.

METHODS

We conducted a multicentre retrospective cohort study including all consecutive adults (n = 42,739) discharged from the general internal medicine department of three Swiss tertiary teaching hospitals in 2010–2011. We used the Chronic Condition Indicator and the Clinical Classification Software to classify International Classification of Diseases diagnosis codes into chronic or acute diseases, into body system categories and into categories of chronic comorbidities. We defined multimorbidity as ≥2 chronic diseases. We described the most prevalent combinations of comorbidities and their prevalence.

RESULTS

Seventy-nine percent (n = 33,871) of the patients were multimorbid, with a median of four chronic diseases. Chronic heart disease, chronic kidney disease, solid malignancy and substance-related disorders were the most prevalent comorbidities, with a prevalence of more than 10% for each. All these comorbidities were frequently found in combination with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and bronchiectasis, pulmonary heart disease, and peripheral and visceral atherosclerosis. Chronic heart disease was identified in 80% of the most prevalent combinations. Half of the combinations occurred more often than it would have been expected if they were independent.

CONCLUSIONS

The vast majority of patients fulfilled the criteria for multimorbidity. Chronic heart disease, chronic kidney disease, solid malignancy and substance-related disorders were each present in at least one tenth of the patients. This in-depth description of the most frequent comorbidities and of their frequent associations in a multicentre population may advise healthcare providers to improve preventive care and develop appropriate guidelines for multimorbid patients.

Keywords: multimorbidity, patterns, comorbidity, chronic diseases, latent class analysis

Introduction

With the progress of medical science and increasing life expectancy, multimorbidity, most often defined as the presence of at least two chronic diseases [1], is affecting a growing proportion of patients and its prevalence is expected to further increase in the coming years [2–6]. Given its association with adverse outcomes such as functional decline, poorer quality of life and higher healthcare costs and mortality, it represents a significant burden for patients and healthcare systems [6–8]. In Switzerland, multimorbidity was mostly studied in ambulatory care settings, with reported prevalence rates of 13 to 77% [7, 9–12]; a small study including 170 patients hospitalised on the internal medicine ward of a university hospital reported a prevalence of 50 to 97%, depending on the definition of multimorbidity [5].

To better describe multimorbidity, a growing interest has developed in studying non-random patterns of diseases [13–24]. However, most studies were conducted in ambulatory care settings, did not use standardised tools to classify the diseases, and included not only diseases, but also risk factors or symptoms in the analyses [13–23, 25]. Doing so, they often revealed expected associations, such as cardiovascular diseases and risk factors. In Switzerland, a recent study described patterns of multimorbidity in patients cared for in general practitioner practices [9], while data for hospitalised patients are lacking.

Therefore, with the use of standardised tools to classify the diseases, the primary aim of our study was to identify and quantify the most prevalent combinations of chronic comorbidities in multimorbid patients hospitalised in internal medicine wards in Switzerland. We hypothesised that besides expected prevalent combinations such as chronic kidney disease (CKD) with chronic heart disease, or cardiovascular diseases and risk factors, we could identify other prevalent but less obvious combinations of comorbidities. We focused on chronic and not on acute comorbidities to study the long-term burden of diseases in multimorbidity. The secondary aim was to describe the distribution of acute and chronic diseases in the same population. We hypothesised that the number of chronic diseases was higher than the number of acute diseases, and that the proportion of acute versus chronic diseases varied according to the total number of diseases.

Materials and methods

Study design, setting and participants

We used a retrospective cohort including all consecutive adult patients discharged home or to a nursing home from the department of general internal medicine of three tertiary teaching hospitals between 2010 and 2011: Bern University Hospital (Inselspital), Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and Geneva University Hospitals (HUG). We included only patients with multimorbidity, as defined below, in the analysis. As it was a secondary analysis of fully anonymised retrospective data, the study was waived from ethical approval according to Swissethics regulations. Reporting is in accordance with the STrengthening the Reporting of OBservational studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) statement [26].

Study variables, definition of multimorbidity and classification of diseases

We retrospectively extracted all data from electronic medical records, including International Classification of Diseases (ICD) codes version 10 at discharge. We defined multimorbidity based on its most usual definition – the presence of two or more chronic diseases [1, 27]. We assessed multimorbidity according to: (1) acute and chronic diseases; (2) chronic comorbidities; (3) number of body systems involved; (4) the Deyo-Charlson Comorbidity Index and Elixhauser-Van Walraven Comorbidity Index [28–32].

We classified all ICD diagnosis codes with two tools developed by the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project, a partnership between the US federal government and the industry, sponsored by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. First, we used the Chronic Condition Indicator to classify ICD codes into acute or chronic diseases and into 18 body system categories (details in appendix 1) [33]. The Chronic Condition Indicator defines a chronic disease as a health condition lasting minimum 12 months and that causes limitations on self-care, independent living and social interactions, and/or results in the need for ongoing intervention with medical products, services and special equipment. Second, we categorised all chronic diseases into a clinically meaningful smaller number of comorbidities using the Clinical Classification Software, which aggregates ICD codes into 285 mutually exclusive categories (full list available on https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/toolssoftware/ccs/CCSCategoryNames_FullLabels.pdf) [34]. For clinical relevance, we further merged some categories of the Clinical Classification Software in the same comorbidity (details in appendix 2). Moreover, we decided to focus on chronic comorbidities, because the definition of multimorbidity most often includes only chronic conditions [1], and because we wanted to assess the long-term burden of diseases in multimorbidity, i.e. which underlying combinations of chronic comorbidities are present in hospitalised patients. Therefore, we did not include acute diseases, nor the ICD codes for screening strategies, symptoms, complications or risk factors, in this classification of comorbidities.

Statistical analyses

We presented baseline characteristics as numbers with frequency or median with interquartile range (IQR) in the whole cohort and according to the presence of multimorbidity.

For the primary aim, we described the 20 most prevalent combinations of two comorbidities and their observed prevalence. We calculated the expected prevalence of each combination considering that the two diseases were independent (expected prevalence of combination [A, B] = prevalence [A] × prevalence [B]). We then computed the observed/expected (O/E) ratio, which indicated the degree of independence of the two comorbidities. We separately counted different comorbidities occurring in the same patient. We also considered looking at combinations of more than two chronic comorbidities, but because of the low frequency of such combinations and the very high number of possible combinations, the results were not clinically relevant, and therefore not shown. We then identified the comorbidities with a prevalence of more than 10% and presented in a plot their five most prevalent combined comorbidities. Finally, we used latent class analysis to identify five groups of patients with combinations of comorbidities occurring together more often than expected by chance. In order to identify the most prevalent comorbidities, we included in the different groups only comorbidities with a probability of at least 10%, and presented those probabilities. We labelled the groups according to the predominant comorbidities identified in each class. We calculated each patient probability to belong to the different groups, classified the patients in the group with the highest probability and presented the proportion of patients in each group.

For the secondary aim, using a two y-axis bar/line plot, we presented the proportions of acute and chronic diseases, as well as the median number of body systems involved, according to the total number of diseases. We performed all analyses with R version 3.4.4 (R Project for Statistical Computing).

Results

Of the 42,739 patients from the initial cohort, 33,871 (79%) had multimorbidity and 23,843 (56%) were men (table 1). A flow chart of study recruitment and follow-up is shown in supplementary figure S1 in appendix 3. Median age was 68 years (IQR 56–78) in patients with multimorbidity and 57 years (IQR 41–70) in those without. The median number of diseases was 7 (IQR 5–10) for a median number of chronic diseases of 4 (IQR 3–6) in patients with multimorbidity. In those without multimorbidity, the median number of diseases was 2 (IQR 1–4) for a median number of chronic diseases of 1 (IQR 0–1). The number of patients with at least 10 chronic diseases was 1,628 (4.8% of the multimorbid patients). The following comorbidities occurred with a prevalence of more than 10%: chronic heart disease, CKD, solid malignancy, substance-related disorders.

Table 1

Baseline characteristics.

Characteristics		Total population (n = 42,739)	With multimorbidity (n = 33,871)	Without multimorbidity (n = 8,868)
Age, years, median (IQR)		66 (53–77)	68 (56–78)	57 (41–70)
Men, n (%)		23,843 (55.8)	19,170 (56.6)	4,673 (52.7)
Description of multimorbidity	Number of acute and chronic diseases, median (IQR)	6 (3–9)	7 (5–10)	2 (1–4)
	Number of chronic diseases, median (IQR)	2 (1–3)	4 (3–6)	1 (0–1)
	Number of body systems involved, median (IQR)	2 (1–4)	3 (2–4)	1 (1–2)
	Deyo-Charlson Comorbidity Index, median (IQR)	1 (0–3)	2 (1–3)	0 (0–1)
	Elixhauser-Van Walraven Comorbidity Index, median (IQR)	5 (0–11)	7 (2–12)	0 (0–5)
Most prevalent comorbidities (>10%)	Chronic heart disease, n (%)	16,946 (39.7)	15,717 (46.4)	1,229 (13.9)
	Chronic kidney disease, n (%)	5,745 (13.4)	5,174 (15.3)	781 (8.8)
	Solid malignancy, n (%)	5,277 (12.4)	4,964 (14.7)	103 (1.2)
	Substance–related disorders, n (%)	4,296 (10.1)	4,173 (12.3)	143 (1.6)
Hospitalisation characteristics	Length of stay, days, median (IQR)	7 (3–12)	8 (4–14)	4 (2–7)
	Number of admissions in the past year, n (%)	0 (0–2)	0 (0–2)	0 (0–1)

IQR = interquartile range

Most prevalent combinations of comorbidities

Chronic heart disease was found in 16 of the 20 most prevalent combinations of comorbidities, and part of the five most prevalent combinations (table 2). The overall most prevalent combination was chronic heart disease with CKD (n = 3,217, 9.5%). The four next combinations were found in 3.6 to 4.6% of the patients and included chronic heart disease combined with (in order of decreasing frequency): chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and bronchiectasis; substance-related disorders; pulmonary heart disease; peripheral and visceral atherosclerosis. The prevalence of all comorbidities and of the body systems, as well as all combinations of comorbidities with their frequency found in the cohort, are described in the appendix 3 (tables S1–S3).

Table 2

Most prevalent combinations of comorbidities.

Combinations of comorbidities		Cases, n	Prevalence, %		Ratio O/E
			Observed	Expected
Chronic heart disease	Chronic kidney disease	3,217	9.5	7.1	1.3
Chronic heart disease	COPD and bronchiectasis	1,546	4.6	4.1	1.1
Chronic heart disease	Substance-related disorders	1,515	4.5	5.7	0.8
Chronic heart disease	Pulmonary heart disease	1,410	4.2	3.0	1.4
Chronic heart disease	Peripheral and visceral atherosclerosis	1,231	3.6	2.8	1.3
Cerebrovascular disease	Paralysis	1,157	3.4	0.5	6.8
Chronic heart disease	Arthropathy and arthritis	1,046	3.1	3.4	0.9
Chronic heart disease	Cerebrovascular disease	1,025	3.0	3.9	0.8
Chronic heart disease	Acute and unspecified renal failure	1,009	3.0	2.8	1.1
Chronic heart disease	Solid malignancy	977	2.9	6.8	0.4
Chronic heart disease	Other nervous system disorders	959	2.8	3.8	0.7
Chronic heart disease	Other and ill-defined heart disease	926	2.7	1.5	1.8
Chronic heart disease	Thyroid disorders	910	2.7	2.6	1.0
Substance-related disorders	COPD and bronchiectasis	868	2.6	10.8	0.2
Chronic heart disease	Dementia	817	2.4	2.4	1.0
Chronic kidney disease	Nephritis, nephrosis and renal sclerosis	789	2.3	0.7	3.3
Chronic heart disease	Mood disorders	769	2.3	3.4	0.7
Chronic heart disease	Nephritis, nephrosis and renal sclerosis	763	2.3	2.0	1.2
Haematological malignancy	Diseases of white blood cells	675	2.0	0.2	10.0
Chronic heart disease	Paralysis	611	1.8	2.8	0.6

COPD = chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; E = expected; O = observed

Half of the combinations occurred more frequently than it would have been expected if they were independent of each other, with a particularly high O/E ratio for haematological malignancy with diseases of white blood cells (O/E ratio 10.0), for cerebrovascular disease with paralysis (O/E ratio 6.8), and for CKD with nephritis, nephrosis and renal sclerosis (O/E ratio 3.3). On the contrary, the expected prevalence was higher than the observed prevalence for eight combinations, with a particularly low O/E ratio for substance-related disorders with COPD and bronchiectasis (O/E ratio 0.2) and for chronic heart disease with solid malignancy (O/E ratio 0.4).

Figure 1 summarises the five most frequent combinations of chronic comorbidities for each of the four most frequent comorbidities. COPD and bronchiectasis was the only comorbidity found in combination with each of the four most prevalent comorbidities. This comorbidity was identified in 868 (20.8%) of the patients with substance-related disorders, 557 (10.8%) of those with CKD, 1,546 (9.8%) of those with chronic heart disease, and 407 (8.2%) of those with solid malignancy. Pulmonary heart disease occurred in 529 (10.2%) of the patients with CKD and in 1,410 (9.0%) of those with chronic heart disease. Peripheral and visceral atherosclerosis was found in 582 (11.2%) of the patients with CKD and in 1,231 (7.8%) of those with chronic heart disease. Other most prevalent comorbidities were identified in combination with only one of those four most prevalent comorbidities, and included: mood disorders; nephritis, nephrosis and renal sclerosis; diseases of white blood cells; liver disease.

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Groups of comorbidities

We identified five groups of comorbidities occurring together more often than would have been expected by chance (table 3). Each group included between two and eight different comorbidities. Except for group 4, all groups could be labelled according to their predominant comorbidities. Group 1 (“neurological diseases”) included four neurological diseases with chronic heart disease. Group 2 (“heart/kidney diseases”) included chronic heart disease with CKD. Group 3 (“malignancy”) included solid and haematological malignancies with disorders of white blood cells. Group 5 (“psychiatric diseases”) included psychiatric and neurological disorders, along with chronic heart disease, COPD and bronchiectasis, and arthropathy and arthritis. Group 4 included miscellaneous comorbidities: chronic heart disease, CKD, nephritis, nephrosis and renal sclerosis, peripheral and visceral atherosclerosis, other nervous system disorders, arthropathy and arthritis, COPD and bronchiectasis, and pulmonary heart disease. Ten percent of the patients were in group 1, 31% in group 2, 20% in group 3, 16% in group 4 and 23% in group 5.

Table 3

Latent class analysis.

Comorbidities	Group 1 neurological (10%)*	Group 2 heart/kidney (31%)*	Group 3 malignancy (20%)*	Group 4 miscellaneous (16%)*	Group 5 psychiatric (23%)+
	Probability of comorbidity†
Cerebrovascular diseases	63%	2%	<1%	3%	1%
Paralysis	44%	<1%	2%	2%	2%
Chronic heart disease	27%	100%	10%‡	55%	19%
Other nervous system disorders	13%	<1%	4%	16%	12%
Epilepsy – convulsions	11%	<1%	4%	1%	7%
Chronic kidney disease	4%	13%	6%	51%	<1%
Solid malignancy	5%	4%	49%	5%	9%
Haematological malignancy	<1%	1%	22%	3%	<1%
Diseases of white blood cells	<1%	<1%	17%	2%	<1%
Nephritis, nephrosis and renal sclerosis	1%	<1%	2%	20%	<1%
Peripheral and visceral atherosclerosis	4%	<1%	<1%	16%	3%
Arthropathy and arthritis	5%	3%	3%	14%	12%
COPD and bronchiectasis	2%	8%	5%	12%	15%
Pulmonary heart disease	2%	9%	4%	11%	4%
Substance-related disorders	7%	8%	7%	7%	30%
Mood disorders	5%	2%	4%	6%	19%
Anxiety disorders	2%	1%	2%	3%	10%

COPD = chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. * Proportion of multimorbid patients in the group. † Probability that a patient in a particular group has the comorbidity. Percentages ≥10% are highlighted in bold. ‡ Chronic heart disease is not highlighted, because the probability was 9.7%.

Proportions of acute and chronic diseases

In multimorbid patients, 71% of all coded diseases were chronic diseases. The percentage of chronic versus acute diseases progressively decreased as the number of diseases increased, from 100% in patients with overall two diseases (by definition, as we included only patients with at least two chronic diseases), to 57% in those with 10 or more diseases (fig. 2). The median number of body systems involved increased proportionally with the total number of diseases, with therefore a constant proportion of about 50%.

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Discussion

We identified and quantified the most common combinations of chronic comorbidities in a large sample of patients hospitalised in internal medicine in Switzerland. Almost 80% of the patients were multimorbid, with a median of four chronic diseases. Chronic diseases represented 71% of all diseases and their proportion decreased when the total number of diseases increased. Chronic heart disease, CKD, solid malignancy and substance-related disorders were each found in more than 10% of the patients. Chronic heart disease was identified in 80% of all of the most prevalent combinations of comorbidities. Half of the combinations occurred more often than expected. We identified some frequent groups of chronic comorbidities that occurred more often than expected, and that could be grouped into neurological diseases, heart/kidney diseases, malignancy, miscellaneous diseases, and psychiatric diseases. This study fills a previous lack of descriptive and quantitative data on the burden of chronic diseases in multimorbid patients hospitalised in internal medicine in Switzerland.

Prevalence of multimorbidity

Studies in other countries reported prevalence rates of multimorbidity between 23 to 99%, depending on the settings and number of conditions assessed, with the highest rates found in hospital settings (63–99%) [1, 35–39]. Previous studies in Switzerland also reported highly variable prevalence rates, ranging from 13 to 95% [5, 7, 9–12, 27]. A small study in patients hospitalised in internal medicine in Switzerland reported a prevalence of 93% when defining multimorbidity as two or more ICD diagnoses in medical records [5]. There may be several explanations for our slightly lower prevalence rate. First, the previous study considered any health condition active during hospitalisation, whereas we included only chronic diseases, because we were interested in the long-term burden of diseases in multimorbidity. Second, it excluded elective admissions, thus selecting possibly different patients. Finally, its small sample size (n = 170) may have led to chance findings.

Most prevalent comorbidities

Solid malignancy and substance-related disorders were the third and fourth most prevalent comorbidities after chronic heart disease and CKD. A similar prevalence rate was described among hospitalised patients aged 65 years or older [40], whereas prevalence rates were lower in ambulatory care patients [9, 14]. This may reveal fragility of oncological patients, who may be more likely to decompensate other comorbidities, as we did not include oncology departments where patients receive oncology-specific treatment. The absence of malignancy among the most frequent diagnoses in the study by Schneider et al. may be explained by the assessment of all ICD diagnoses separately in their study [5], whereas we grouped all solid malignancies using the Clinical Classification Software. The high prevalence of substance-related disorders may be due to the inclusion in this category of not only substance consummation causing acute problems, but also of uncomplicated consummation, such as nicotine dependence [34]. This is coherent with a study in ambulatory care in Switzerland that found tobacco and alcohol dependencies as one of the four described clusters [9].

Most prevalent combinations of comorbidities

Previous studies mostly described expected combinations of conditions, such as metabolic and cardiovascular diseases and risk factors [18, 20, 22, 36, 37, 40, 41]. A main innovation of our study was to group comorbidities expected to cluster together and to include only chronic comorbidities related to multimorbidity in order to assess the long-term burden of diseases, which revealed fewer expected combinations than previous studies. For example, COPD and bronchiectasis, pulmonary heart disease, and peripheral and visceral atherosclerosis were the most prevalent comorbidities found in combination with the four comorbidities occurring in 10% or more of the patients.

Some combinations occurred at a higher prevalence than expected. The reason could be a shared pathophysiology (e.g. vascular calcification for chronic heart disease and CKD) or risk factor (e.g. smoking for chronic heart disease and COPD and bronchiectasis), or that one of the comorbidities may be the consequence of the other one (e.g. paralysis following cerebrovascular disease, or diseases of white blood cells resulting from haematological malignancy or from its treatment). However, some combinations were found at a surprisingly lower prevalence than expected, such as substance-related disorders with COPD and bronchiectasis. This may be because substance-related disorders include not only ICD codes related to smoking, but also to all other addictive substances, such as alcohol, opioids or sedatives. Although these substance-related disorders are frequent among patients with multimorbidity, they may not be especially more prevalent among patients with COPD in particular. However, we cannot exclude underreporting of smoking-related categories as an alternative explanation for this lower than expected prevalence. The co-occurrence of such combinations among the most prevalent combinations of comorbidities may thus be explained by the high prevalence of both comorbidities, rather than by a common factor.

Groups of comorbidities

Despite growing international interest in assessing patterns of multimorbidity [42], data on this topic in Switzerland were scarce, particularly for hospitalised patients. Assessing chronic conditions using the International Classification of Primary Care 2, a study conducted in ambulatory primary care described four clusters [9]: (1) cardiovascular risk factors and conditions, (2) general age-related and metabolic conditions, (3) tobacco and alcohol dependencies, and (4) pain, musculoskeletal and psychological conditions. The comparability with our study is limited by the different classification of diseases, including risk factors and symptoms, and the ambulatory care setting. In our study, we identified five groups of comorbidities, labelled according to their predominant comorbidities: (1) neurological diseases, (2) heart/kidney diseases, (3) malignancy, (4) miscellaneous diseases, and (5) psychiatric diseases. On the one hand, the combinations of comorbidities found in groups 1, 2 and 3 may be explained by common pathophysiological pathways or risk factors, and/or because one comorbidity may cause or result from the other one. On the other hand, groups 4 and 5 included more various comorbidities, such as arthropathy and arthritis among psychiatric diseases in group 5. Notably, chronic heart disease was identified in all groups except in group 3. This analysis suggests which chronic comorbidities are more likely to be found in patients with particular chronic comorbidities, and may thus have important preventive implications for development and allocation of interventions to reduce the overall burden of diseases in multimorbid patients.

Proportions of acute and chronic diseases

The proportions of chronic versus acute diseases progressively decreased when the total number of diseases increased. This suggests that patients with more diseases may be more severely ill and therefore at higher risk of developing an additional acute disease, underlying the important burden of chronic diseases in patients with multimorbidity. On the other hand, the number of body systems was constantly about half the total number of diseases, suggesting that different diseases affect the same body system. It may be partly explained by an acute decompensation of a chronic disease, both diseases affecting of course the same body system. We found no previous study looking at the proportions of acute and chronic diseases and at the number of body systems involved in multimorbid patients.

Clinical implications

Despite the high prevalence of multimorbidity, little was known about which comorbidities are frequently found in combinations and on the proportion of acute and chronic diseases among patients hospitalised in internal medicine departments in Switzerland. Furthermore, these patients were often excluded from trials [43], so that clinical guidelines may not apply to them. Our detailed and quantitative description of the patterns of multimorbidity outlines the interdisciplinary competences absolutely needed to care for such patients, taking into account the several different comorbidities together, rather than treating a single comorbidity at a time. Furthermore, highlighting the most prevalent combinations of comorbidities and combinations occurring more frequently than expected may help to identify targets for intervention, and thus to prioritise the development of guidelines and treatment protocols specific for multimorbid patients, with the final aim to reduce the burden of diseases in this population. Moreover, the latent class analysis revealed comorbidities that may predispose to other ones. Although we cannot conclude on causal relationships, this information may be useful to improve secondary and tertiary prevention and thus possibly reduce the overall burden of diseases in multimorbid patients.

Limitations and strengths

Our study has several limitations. First, we included only medical patients of tertiary teaching hospitals, so that our results may have limited generalisability to patients admitted to primary and secondary care hospitals due to a possible selection bias of sicker patients in tertiary care hospitals. Second, although ICD codes allow assessment of many diseases, we cannot exclude underreporting due to coding quality, a limitation of any data extracted from electronic medical records. This may have biased the analyses for particular comorbidities, such as mood and anxiety disorders, that are frequent but often remain undetected and not documented. Although review of individual charts may have reduced underreporting, it would have added subjectivity in diagnoses assessment and been hardly feasible for such a large cohort. Third, we used data from calendar years 2010 and 2011, but substantial change is unlikely to have occurred in the last eight years. Fourth, we used an epidemiologically oriented definition of multimorbidity and did not assess complex interactions of diseases, as mentioned in 2018 National Library of Medicine definition of multimorbidity. Fifth, because data were originally collected to study readmission, we did not include patients who died during hospitalisation, which may limit generalisability of the results. Finally, despite the use of standardised classification tools, we included only chronic comorbidities in our analysis, which may have prevented comparison with other studies.

Our study presents several strengths also. First, we assessed multimorbidity in several different and innovative ways and used standardised tools to classify the diseases, allowing a more objective assessment than self-reporting used in up to 75% of previous studies [44]. Second, using ICD codes, we could assess a high number of diseases, unlike most previous analyses that often included a more restricted number of diseases, for example due to the limitation of insurance claims data [7, 41, 44–46]. Finally, we used a large and multicentre cohort.

Conclusion

We found that nearly 80% of the patients were multimorbid. The most prevalent comorbidities were chronic heart disease, chronic kidney disease, solid malignancy and substance-related disorders, and were most frequently found in combination with COPD or bronchiectasis. Our descriptive and quantitative findings provide a better understanding of the various patterns of multimorbidity that physicians may face at hospital. Describing prevalent combinations of comorbidities and combinations occurring more often than expected may facilitate the development of guidelines and treatment protocols appropriate for multimorbid patients with the final aim to reduce the burden of diseases in these patients.

Author contributions

CEA and JD designed the study, analysed and interpreted the data. NF and AL performed the statistical analyses. CEA wrote the manuscript. JD was a major contributor to revise the manuscript. PMV, DA, and JS read and approved the manuscript.

Financial disclosure

This study was funded by the Swiss Society of General Internal Medicine Foundation. Dr Aubert was supported by a research grant from the Clinical Trials Unit from Bern University, Switzerland. Prof. Donzé was supported by the Swiss National Science Foundation. None of the founding sources had a role in the study design, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.

Potential competing interest

No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Correspondence

Carole E Aubert, MD, Department of General Internal Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Freiburgstrasse, CH-3010 Bern, caroleelodie.aubert[at]insel.ch

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