DOI: https://doi.org/10.4414/SMW.2021.w30017
The current COVID-19 pandemic had a massive impact on the entire healthcare organisation because of the large flow of sick patients. In addition to the restrictions implemented at a political level [1], every hospital underwent widespread internal reorganisation in order to receive and treat a large number of COVID-19 patients [2, 3]. Thus, centres reorganised their emergency department [2] and increased their intensive care units capacity with some areas, such as some of the operating rooms, dedicated to ventilated COVID-19 patients. Although surgeons were not in the frontline of the pandemic, they had to reduce elective surgeries and adapt their global surgical management by prioritisation of procedures that were urgent and for life-threatening conditions [4, 5].
There were several reasons to adapt surgical strategies within hospitals: to preserve resources, hospital staff, equipment and hospital capacity for COVID-19 patients, when the extent of the outbreak was initially unknown. It was also important to protect patients and surgical staff from the unknown risks of transmission in the hospital and operating rooms, and to avoid whenever possible treatment delay in surgical non-COVID-19 patients [5]. Some hospitals developed a management algorithm for proven or suspected COVID-19 patients needing emergency surgery [6, 7]. The surgical management of oncological patients was widely discussed, in Italy [8, 9] and China, with guidelines on selection of patients who should be operated or not [10].
There are few data on the outcome of basic general surgery during the pandemic. Delayed access to the emergency room by the paediatric population resulting from fear of COVID-19 was observed in northern Italy [11] and in Spain during the pandemic [12]. A similar delay was described in Taiwan during the 2002 SARS outbreak [13]. Moreover, an editorial in Journal de Chirurgie Viscérale suggested that delayed consultation in the ER may have impacted urgent digestive surgery [14]. The only available retrospective data on this specific aspect of delay for general surgery during an epidemic was a paper about the Hong-Kong influenza epidemic in New York in 1969 [15]. Back then, an increased rate of perforated appendicitis was observed. The lack of literature on this topic may be explained by the absence of a similar event, such as the COVID-19 pandemic, during recent decades.
The current study assessed the perioperative management and outcome of two basic pathologies, acute appendicitis and acute cholecystitis, during the COVID-19 pandemic in a region of western Switzerland with five county and one academic hospital (population area with 850,000 inhabitants).
This retrospective study aimed to assess all patients in canton Vaud who came through the emergency room with appendicitis or cholecystitis requiring surgery during the peak of the COVID-19 pandemic in spring 2020, and to compare them with similar patients during a similar period in 2019. The Swiss lockdown was decreed by the Government on 15 March 2020. For this reason, the period of 15 March 2020 to 20 April 2020 and the same interval in 2019 (15 March 2019 to 20 April 2019) were selected as study period. The primary endpoints of this study were the time to emergency room consultation after first symptoms and to surgery (access to an operating room after diagnosis) of the patients during and prior to the COVID-19 pandemic.
Secondary endpoints were perioperative outcomes: severity of the findings (perforation, abscess), operation duration, postoperative complications, duration of post-operative antibiotics, length of hospital stay and readmission rate.
The study was approved by local Commission on Ethics in Human Research (CER-VD, protocol number 2019-01265) and was conducted in compliance with the current version of the Declaration of Helsinki.
This was a retrospective comparison between the two study groups (during the COVID-19 pandemic or 1 year before) based on the above-mentioned relevant clinicopathological parameters, surgical parameters and outcomes.
Data collected from all participating sites included demographic variables (age, gender, American Society of Anesthesiologists [ASA] score); medical history related to the surgical emergency (consultation delay after first symptoms, radiological workup); surgical findings (intraoperative findings, contamination, intervention duration, intraoperative complications, histopathology); postoperative data (complications, length of stay, antibiotic use). Data were retrospectively collected within each reference centre. These were all standard data, collected on a routine basis and available in the patients’ electronic medical charts and in operating room planning software in all six hospitals.
All consecutive adult patients (>18 years) operated on for appendicitis or cholecystitis who consulted the ER in either of the six participating public hospitals in the canton of Vaud (University Hospital of Lausanne, Hospitals of Morges, Nyon, Yverdon-les-Bains, Payerne, Rennaz). Two periods were assessed, during the COVID-19 peak and 1 year before COVID during the same period in 2019. Paediatric patients (under 18 years) and adults with biliary pancreatitis requiring cholecystectomy were excluded.
Standard statistics were used to compare the two cohorts (2020 and 2019). Continuous variables were presented as mean with standard deviation (SD), or median with range or interquartile range (IQR) for skewed data. Categorical variables were reported as frequencies (%). Categorical data were compared with the use of the chi-square test. Continuous variables were analysed using the Mann-Whitney U- or t-test depending on the normality of the variables and the variances. All statistical tests were two-sided and a level of 0.05 indicated statistical significance. All statistical analyses were performed using SPSS 26 for Mac OS and graphics were drawn using GraphPad software PRISM for MAC version 8.3.0.
Two hundred and fourteen consecutive patients were included in the analysis: 99 patients during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 (68 appendicitis, 31 cholecystitis) and 115 in 2019 for the same period (85 appendicitis, 30 cholecystitis). Median time (IQR)to consultation in the emergency room after first symptoms for appendicitis was 48 hours (24–96) in 2020 and 24 hours (12–36) in 2019 (p = 0.004). For cholecystitis, median time (IQR) to consultation in the emergency room was 48 hours (24–96) in 2020 and 36 hours (24–72) in 2019 (p = 0.28). Median time (IQR) to surgical intervention after consultation in the emergency room for appendicitis was 6.5 hours (4–18) in 2020 and 7.3 hours (5–9) in 2019 (p = 0.68). For cholecystitis, median time to surgery was 20 hours (12–48) in 2020 and 23 hours (14–39) in 2019 (p = 0.91). Primary outcomes are displayed in figures 1 and 2.
Figure 1 Delay (hours) to consultation in the emergency room after first symptoms for appendicitis and cholecystitis: comparison between 2019 and 2020. Appendicitis: p = 0.004, cholecystitis: p = 0.284. Median (interquartile range), NS: non-significant.
Figure 2 Delay (hours) to surgery after consultation in the emergency room for appendicitis and cholecystitis: comparison between 2019 and 2020. Appendicitis: p = 0.687, cholecystitis: p = 0.914. Median (interquartile range), NS: non-significant.
For both appendicitis and cholecystitis, no significant difference was observed in demography and diagnostic approach between the groups (2020 vs 2019). Significantly more cases of perforated/abscessed appendicitis and abscessed cholecystitis were observed in 2020 during the COVID-19 outbreak (p = 0.007 and p= 0.044, respectively). Significantly more postoperative antibiotics were prescribed after appendectomy (p = 0.026). There were no differences between the 2020 and 2019 groups in operative time (minutes), postoperative complications and length of stay (days). One patient required a reoperation for lavage post-appendectomy in 2019 (1%) and one patient underwent postoperative drainage after appendectomy in 2020 during the COVID-19 outbreak (1.4%). There was no readmission in either group. Secondary outcomes are displayed in table 1 for appendicitis and in table 2 for cholecystitis.
Table 1Baseline demographics, diagnosis, surgical and post-operative details for appendicitis: comparison between 2020 and 2019.
| Appendicitis 2019 (n = 85) | Appendicitis 2020 (n = 68) | p-value | ||
| Demographics | ||||
| Gender, n (%) | Male | 46 (54%) | 40 (59%) | 0.627 |
| Female | 39 (46%) | 28 (41%) | ||
| Age (years), median (IQR) | 29 (21–49) | 36 (26–70) | 0.070 | |
| ASA score, n (%) | I | 38 (45%) | 29 (43%) | 0.948 |
| II | 40 (47%) | 35 (51%) | ||
| III‒IV | 7 (8%) | 4 (6%) | ||
| Diagnosis details | ||||
| Imaging, n (%) | Ultrasound | 48 (56%) | 31 (45%) | 0.213 |
| CT-scan | 49 (57%) | 47 (70%) | ||
| Surgical details | ||||
| Surgery duration (min), median (IQR) | 55 (40–72) | 55 (45–77) | 0.412 | |
| Perforated/abscess, n (%) | 17 (20%) | 27 (40%) | 0.007 | |
| Surgical drain, n (%) | 2 (2%) | 6 (9%) | 0.095 | |
| Post-operative details | ||||
| Post-op. antibiotics, n (%) | 24 (28%) | 31 (46 %) | 0.026 | |
| Post-op. antibiotics (days), mean (SD) | 7 (3.2) | 8 (6.9) | 0.712 | |
| 30-day complication (Clavien-Dindo) [21] | I | 1 (1%) | 2 (3%) | 0.122 |
| II | 4 (5%) | 5 (7%) | ||
| III | ‒ | 2 (3%) | ||
| Length of stay (days), mean (SD) | 1.5 (1.7) | 2.5 (3.7) | 0.385 | |
Median (IQR- Interquartile Range), Mean (SD – Standard Deviation) or number (%) as appropriate. Statistical significance (p <0.05) is highlighted in bold type.
ER: emergency room; NS: non-significant. ASA: American Association of Anesthesiologists physical status classification system
Table 2Baseline demographics, diagnosis, surgical and post-operative details for Cholecystitis: comparison between 2020 and 2019.
| Cholecystitis 2019 (n = 30) | Cholecystitis 2020 (n = 31) | p-value | ||
| Demographics | ||||
| Gender, n (%) | Male | 10 (33%) | 15 (48%) | 0.231 |
| Female | 20 (66%) | 16 (52%) | ||
| Age (years), median (IQR) | 51 (38–66) | 54 (37–74) | 0.751 | |
| ASA score, n (%) | ! | 5 (16%) | 5 (16%) | 0.933 |
| II | 20 (68%) | 21 (68%) | ||
| III–IV | 5 (16%) | 5 (16%) | ||
| Diagnosis details | ||||
| Imaging, n (%) | Ultrasound | 21 (70%) | 25 (80%) | 0.313 |
| CT-scan | 11 (37%) | 11 (35%) | ||
| Surgical details | ||||
| Surgery duration (min), median (IQR) | 90 (74–116) | 90 (75–114) | 0.722 | |
| Perforated/abscess, n (%) | 4 (13%) | 11 (35%) | 0.044 | |
| Surgical drain, n (%) | 3 (10%) | 6 (20%) | 0.301 | |
| Post-operative details | ||||
| Post-op antibiotics, n (%) | 10 (33%) | 14 (45 %) | 0.342 | |
| Post-op antibiotics (days), mean (SD) | 8 (10.8) | 7 (3.4) | 0.373 | |
| 30-day complication (Clavien-Dindo) [21] | I | 3 (10%) | 2 (6%) | 0.412 |
| II | 1 (3%) | ‒ | ||
| III | ‒ | 1 (3%) | ||
| Length of stay (days), mean (SD) | 2.5 (3.3) | 2.2 (1.6) | 0.556 | |
Median (IQR – interquartile range), Mean (SD – standard deviation) or number (%) as appropriate. Statistical significance (p <0.05) is highlighted in bold type.
ER: emergency room; NS: non-significant. ASA: American Association of Anesthesiologists physical status classification system
The present study suggests that the COVID-19 pandemic had a negative influence on delay of patients’ arrival at the emergency room. Patients diagnosed with appendicitis waited significantly longer to go to the hospital, with a median of 48 hours (+24 hours compared with 2019, +100%). This was also reported by a Spanish group with consultation delay increasing by 52% during the pandemic for all surgical emergencies in an adult population [12]. The same observation was made in paediatric populations of northern Italy and Australia [11, 16]. In contrast, an Israeli multicentre study carried out between January and April 2020 on 378 patients did not find any delay in emergency room consultation [17]. Fear of viral and nosocomial infection may explain the increased time to consultation [12]. A similar fear was observed in the present study, as mild abdominal pain may have been considered a minor disease, making the patients reluctant to go to the emergency room at the onset of symptoms. Another possible explanation could be that population thought that emergency rooms and hospitals were overwhelmed during the peak of pandemic. Patients therefore tried to avoid hospital. Surprisingly, time to consultation in patients with cholecystitis showed an apparent but non-significant increase by 30% during pandemic. One of the explanations may be the fact that the time to emergency room consultation in cholecystitis for our group was longer during the non-COVID period, as compared with appendicitis. No other paper discussed specifically cholecystitis during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Although consultation delay increased during the pandemic, time to access to the operating room did not change (p = 0.72). Despite the fact that most hospitals underwent widespread internal reorganisation to manage COVID-19 patient flow, availability of emergency operating rooms for general emergency surgery remained unaffected by the pandemic, at least in our region. The reorganisation allowed both hospitalisation of COVID-19 patients and standard emergency surgery and seemed therefore adequate. A similar observation was made by Cano-Valderrama et al. [12].
Some decrease in appendicitis and cholecystitis observed during the peak of the pandemic was described in three publications [12, 17, 18]. This was not the case with cholecystitis in our population (31 vs 30). A decrease in appendicitis (68 vs 85, −20%) was observed, and decreases of −3.3%, −33.4% −40.7% were reported in three studies [12, 17, 18]. These decreases are probably irrelevant, due to the short observation period during the pandemic peak. Moreover, appendicitis treated conservatively was not recorded. In the academic hospital, the only hospital with available data, there was no difference in the number of cases treated conservatively (two patients in 2020 and in 2019).
All patients operated on in 2020 had a COVID-19 screening test before surgery. Two patients with appendicitis were tested positive (3%). Both were operated on according to the institutional recommendations for safety in the operating room. The two operations were uneventful both during and after interventions, with a return to home on the same day for both patients.
No intraoperative complications occurred during the observation periods in 2020 and 2019. However, there were significantly more complicated cases of appendicitis with perforation and abscess in the 2020 group (+20%, p = 0.007). This is probably due to the delay to consultation. An increase in abscesses associated with cholecystitis was observed despite a similar delay between symptom onset and consultation in 2020 and 2019 (+23%, p = 0.004).
Of note, postoperative complications and length of stay remained similar for both study periods, despite the higher rate of complicated appendicitis (p = 0.12). However, significantly more antibiotics were prescribed postoperatively for appendicitis (+20%). Reoperations for lavage (one in 2019) and drainage (one in 2020) were marginal.
Although some differences are significant (e.g., perforated appendicitis), it is not possible to ascertain that these differences are not a coincidence. It would have been necessary to compare several control years to assess the real effect of COVID-19. However, it would have been too difficult to collect all this retrospective data for all centres. The main strength of the present study was that all patients of all six most affected hospitals by COVID-19 were included during the peak of the pandemic. Among COVID-19 patients requiring hospitalisation in the canton Vaud during the study period, 88% were hospitalised in one of the six participating public hospitals. The burden of COVID-19 was equally divided between centres: University Hospital of Lausanne had 31% of the total patients, the hospitals of Morges 11%, Nyon 9%, Yverdon-les-Bains 11%, Payerne 14% and Rennaz 12%. Therefore, downsizing of operative capacity in the participating hospitals was proportional. This covered the western Switzerland region where the epidemic was the most severe [19].
The datasets generated and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
HTF, JG, LDM, PF, RK, AM, CS and ND meet all the criteria for the definition of authorship and contributed substantially to the manuscript. HTF and ND conceived and designed the study. HTF, JG and ND managed the data and analysed the data. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. ND is the corresponding author.
No financial support and no potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported
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