E-cigarettes: promise or peril?

DOI: https://doi.org/10.4414/smw.2015.14187

Electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) are battery-operated devices that produce a vapour consisting of nicotine (although some are nicotine-free), propylene glycol or glycerol, and flavourings. E-cigarettes were invented in 2003 in China and entered the United States and European markets in 2006 [1]. Hence, it is obvious that no observational data on the long-term health effects of e-cigarettes exist as yet.

Data on the health consequences of chronic nicotine exposure is available from studies in prolonged users of nicotine replacement products [2]. These data do not suggest that chronic nicotine exposure increases cardiopulmonary or cancer risk. Toxic and carcinogenic compounds may be found in e-cigarettes, but in trace amounts that are much lower than levels found in conventional cigarettes. E-cigarettes do not expose the user to most of the constituents of cigarette smoke at concentrations that are responsible for many of the tobacco-attributable diseases. Therefore, most experts believe that inhaling e-cigarette vapour is less harmful than inhaling cigarette smoke. The limited available evidence suggests a potential for e-cigarettes as a smoking cessation tool and/or an instrument for reducing conventional cigarette use (harm reduction concept) [3].

During the past few years e-cigarettes have gained popularity, primarily among smokers who want to reduce the risk of smoking [4]. The paper from Guillet S. et al. [5] adds some information about the perception and the use of e-cigarettes. The authors performed a cross-sectional survey in 2013 among 300 students and instructors of the French school of military paramedical personnel using self-administered questionnaires. They found a prevalence of smoking among the 200 responders of 40%, which is higher than in the general French population. In tobacco smokers the observed e-cigarette lifetime use prevalence was 57% and was close to the 50% of smokers observed in the general population. However, the daily use prevalence was much lower, at 4% in the study population and 3% in the French population. The motivation for e-cigarette use in smokers was the intention to reduce tobacco consumption in 43% and to quit smoking in 8%. But almost half of the responders reported a decrease in tobacco consumption following e-cigarette initiation (average decrease of 5 to 10 cigarettes). Only about half of all respondents, smokers and nonsmokers, perceived e-cigarettes as being less harmful than tobacco.

A 30- to 40-times higher number of adults (age ≥18 years) were surveyed in the US [6]. This annual consumer-based web survey comprised 6 555 persons in 2010–2011 and 8 173 between 2012-2013. Among smokers, an increase in ever use of e-cigarettes from 9.8% to 36.5% was found, and an increase in current (i.e. past 30-day) use from 4.9% to 9.4%. Of importance is the fact that among never smokers ever use remained unchanged (1.3%–1.2%). A recent Swiss survey among approximately 5 000 persons in 2013 found considerably lower numbers: 6.7% had ever used an e-cigarette during their lifetime, 5.5% of daily smokers had consumed e-cigarettes during the past month before the survey and only 0.4% were daily users [7].

The following reasons may be responsible for e-cigarette use not becoming more popular in tobacco cigarette smokers and may explain the difference between the numbers of ever users and of current users of e-cigarettes.

– Awareness and sound knowledge on vaping remain at a disappointing level in the general population and even in smokers.

– Smokers quite often become frustrated with e-cigarettes, since they do not purchase the appropriate vaping devices, are using liquids with a too low nicotine concentration and are not informed about adjusting their inhalation technique.

– E-cigarettes in their current form are less satisfactory than tobacco cigarettes, since they do not have the same nicotine-delivery profile. The “ideal e-cigarette” has not been invented yet.

E-cigarettes and future nicotine delivery products have the potential to make an important, and even game-changing, contribution to public health by helping heavily nicotine dependent persons to reduce the number of tobacco cigarettes smoked and eventually to stop smoking.

References

  1 Hajek P, Etter JF, Benowitz N, et al. Electronic cigarettes: review of use, content, safety, effects on smokers and potential for harm and benefit. Addiction 2014;109:1801–10.

  2 Moore D, Aveyard P, Connock M, Wang D, Fry-Smith A, Barton P. Effectiveness and safety of nicotine replacement therapy assisted reduction to stop smoking: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ. 2009;338:b1024. doi: 10.1136/bmj.b1024

  3 McRobbie H, Bullen C, Hartmann-Boyce J, Hajek P. Electronic cigarettes for smoking cessation and reduction. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2014; 12:CD010216.

  4 Etter JF, Bullen C. Electronic cigarettes: users profile, utilization, satisfaction and perceived efficacy. Addiction. 2011;106:2017–28.

  5 Guilllet S, Sicard S, Meynard JB, Mayet A. Electronic cigarettes: use and perceptions among French military nurses in 2013. Swiss Med Wkly. 2015;145:w14137. http://www.smw.ch/content/smw-2015-14137/

  6 King BA, Patel R, Nguyen KH, Dube SR. Trends in awareness and use of electronic cigarettes among US adults, 2010–2013. Nicotine Tob Res. 2015;17:219–27.

  7 Kuendig H, Notari L, Gmel G. (2014). Die E-Zigarette in der Schweiz im Jahr 2013 – Auswertung der Daten des Suchtmonitorings Schweiz, Addiction Suisse, Lausanne, www.bag.admin.ch/themen/drogen/00041/14572/